The main purpose of this paper is to model the types of Energy Intensity in Iranian manufacturing industries. For this, by using the very last micro data, we have decomposed the Energy Intensity into its types at the 3 and 4 digit aggregate level of ISIC classification. After that, we have modeled the Energy Intensity types by employing a panel data model. Based on the results obtained from the different methods of measuring the numerical index of decomposition, the factors influencing Energy Intensity are more fitted when employing non-Divisian indices (Laspeyres, Paasche, and Fisher). Among non Divisian indices, the model with the multiplicative Divisia index has the most explanation power. The results from the model estimated also indicate the Intensity of labor has a significant and positive effect on Energy Intensity in the manufacturing industries. In contrast, capital Intensity, profit Intensity, Energy consumption ratio, Energy substitution ratio and technology have a significant and negative effect on Energy Intensity. Furthermore, R& D Intensity and firm size influence on Energy Intensity non-linearly and significantly.

Energy Intensity index, at micro level is used commonly to show efficiency of production systems, as well as, at macro level to show country’s Energy efficiency. However, this index is affected by several opposite causes that make comparative analysis too hard. This paper besides introducing most Energy Intensity causes, based on OLS method estimates a multivariable model to analyze each cause's effect. Results show that the size of service sector (representing structural change) has significant effect on reducing Energy Intensity. Square of countries, consistent with theory, has positive significant effect and a size of one forth of service sector effect. Estimating of elasticity effects shows that one percent change (rising) of service sector size, cause one half percent change (declining) of Energy Intensity. Square's elasticity coefficient also consists with theory's expectation and has shown significant effect.

The purpose of this paper is to analyze Energy Intensity of manufacturing industries in Iran. The analysis uses Laspeyres index and Arithmetic Mean Divisia decomposition techniques and data of Iranian manufacturing industries with more than 10 employees for the period 1374 to 1386 from the Statistical Center of Iran.The factors considered are changes in production structure (i.e. structural effect) and sectoral Energy intensities (i.e. Intensity effect). The results show that the changes in sectoral Energy Intensity play a greater role in the variation in total Energy Intensity of Iranian manufacturing compared to changes in the production structure of industries. However, in some cases both structural and Intensity effects have been at work. In most cases the Intensity effect has worked in favor of reducing Energy Intensity.

Due to the necessity of Energy saving in Iran there is a need to identify factors affecting the Intensity of Energy use in the economy. The main purpose of this study is to identify key factors affecting Energy Intensity over the period of 1968-2006. Applying decomposition methodology allows for more accurate Energy-Intensity trend analysis in the past and forecasting future trends. Energy productivity is an important determinant of Energy Intensity. An additional factor that affects Energy Intensity is the structure of economic activity. An increase in Energy-intensive economic activities increases total Energy consumption. This study decomposes the Energy Intensity index of Iran into two key factors; productivity index and changes in index of economic activities structure. The results of applying Fisher ideal index method indicate that increased Energy Intensity is due to reduction of productivity and changes in the structure of economic activities. Based on the results, one of the most important factors that influences Energy Intensity and productivity index is the Energy price index, with Energy Intensity highly sensitive to Energy prices.

In this research, By using data envelopment analysis method and output distance functions to decomposes Energy productivity change into four components; technical efficiency change, technological change, changes in capital to Energy ratio and labor in Energy ratio In the industrial sector of the country Iran during the period 2014-2004. To this end, the output-axis data envelope analysis method has been used with the assumption of constant returns to scale. The results show that the effect of changing the ratio of capital to Energy is a major factor in reducing the of Energy Intensity in the industrial sector of the Iran, changes technological progress, changes labor-Energy ratio and changes technical efficiency drove up Energy Intensity in most industries.

The paper presents an analysis of both Energy Intensity and Energy demand for the Italian industrial sector. The aim of the paper is twofold: making a decomposition of Energy Intensity at the aggregate level and modeling Energy demand at the firm level. The decomposition of Energy Intensity shows different patterns for the different sub-sectors in the period of interest. In the micro approach, panel data are used to investigate whether firms’ Energy demand varies according to their dimension, to production factors’ price dynamic and to the sub-sector Energy Intensity. This kind of application at firm level represents a novelty in the empirical literature on Energy in Italy.